When searching for adjustable bases for beds, the goal is to find a combination of comfort, durability, and features that suit your lifestyle. The FLEXISPOT Adjustable Bed Base stands out as the best overall for its all-in-one design and sturdy build, while options like the Lucid L300 excel with tech features like USB ports and memory positions. Buyers often face tradeoffs between advanced features and affordability, or between high-end extras and simplicity. Continue reading to see a comprehensive breakdown of the top choices and what makes each one unique.
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Key Takeaways
- Top picks balance motor strength and quiet operation for seamless adjustments.
- Features like USB ports, lighting, and massage significantly boost convenience but often increase cost.
- Build quality and ease of setup vary widely, impacting long-term durability and user experience.
- More advanced models tend to offer better customization but may come with a steeper learning curve.
- Price ranges reflect differences in features, with premium options delivering more tech and comfort features.
| FLEXISPOT Adjustable Bed Base with Upholstered Bed Frame, Head & Foot Lift, All-In-One Design, Grey | ![]() | Best Overall for Modern Simplicity and Heavy-Duty Support | Weight Capacity: 600 lbs | Head & Foot Lift Range: Up to 60° head / 35° leg | Warranty: 5-year motor, 10-year frame | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Linenspa Adjustable Bed Base – Motorized Head and Foot Incline – Full | ![]() | Best Value for Customizable Comfort and Compatibility | Adjustable Range (Head): 0 to 58 degrees | Adjustable Range (Feet): 0 to 40 degrees | Weight Capacity: 650 pounds | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Softa Queen Adjustable Bed Frame with Head & Foot Lift and Remote Control | ![]() | Best for Budget-Friendly, Versatile Support with Basic Controls | Head Lift Angle: up to 60° | Foot Lift Angle: up to 20° | Weight Capacity: 600 lbs | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Lucid L300 Adjustable Bed Frame – USB – Memory Position – Remote, Queen | ![]() | Best for Tech-Integrated Comfort with Memory Positions | Material: Polyester | Supports: 750 lbs | Size: Queen | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Pipishell Twin XL Adjustable Bed Frame with Head & Foot Incline, USB Ports, LED Lighting, and 4 Leg Height Options | ![]() | Best for Versatility and Customization in Compact Size | Head & Foot Incline: up to 65° and 45° | USB Ports: USB-A & USB-C on both sides | LED Lighting: Under-bed night light | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Best Choice Products Ergonomic Full Size Adjustable Bed Frame, Electric Base w/Wireless Remote Control, Nightlight, Massager, 2 USB Ports | ![]() | Best Overall for Versatility and Features | Size: Full | Remote control: Wireless | Massager: Yes | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| 4 Pcs Adjustable Height Bed Frame Support Legs, 4-7 Inches, Black | ![]() | Best for Leveling and Custom Height Adjustments | Number of Pieces: 4 | Height Range: 4.72 to 7.48 inches | Material: Metal | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Tami Tami T600 Adjustable Bed Frame Queen Size with Remote & Massage | ![]() | Best for Premium Features and Ease of Use | Size: Queen | Max Weight Capacity: 850 pounds | Assembly: 5 minutes, no tools | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Marsail Adjustable Bed Frame Queen Electric Adjustable Bed Base with Remote & Zero Gravity Position | ![]() | Best for Independent Adjustments and Heavy Loads | Size: Queen | Weight Capacity: 750 lbs | Number of Motors: Dual | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Sweetcrispy Full Adjustable Bed Frame with USB, Zero Gravity, Wireless Remote, Head and Foot Incline | ![]() | Best for Zero Gravity and Stress Relief | Size: Twin XL, Full, Queen | Weight Capacity: 750 lbs | Head & Foot Incline: Yes | VIEW ON AMAZON | See Our Full Breakdown |
| adjustable bases for bed | Weight Capacity | Material | Size |
|---|---|---|---|
| FLEXISPOT Adjustable Bed Base | 600 lbs | Steel, Upholstered fabric | — |
| Linenspa Adjustable Bed Base | 650 pounds | — | — |
| Softa Queen Adjustable Bed Fra | 600 lbs | Oxford fabric, steel frame | — |
| Lucid L300 Adjustable Bed Fram | — | Polyester | Queen |
| Pipishell Twin XL Adjustable B | — | — | — |
| Best Choice Products Ergonomic | 750 lbs | — | Full |
| 4 Pcs Adjustable Height Bed Fr | — | Metal | — |
| Tami Tami T600 Adjustable Bed | — | Steel with wooden base | Queen |
| Marsail Adjustable Bed Frame Q | 750 lbs | — | Queen |
| Sweetcrispy Full Adjustable Be | 750 lbs | — | Twin XL, Full, Queen |
More Details on Our Top Picks
FLEXISPOT Adjustable Bed Base with Upholstered Bed Frame, Head & Foot Lift, All-In-One Design, Grey
This all-in-one adjustable bed base stands out with its sleek, integrated design, combining a minimalist frame with a plush upholstered headboard, making it ideal for those seeking a clean aesthetic. Its quiet motor ensures smooth, synchronized head and foot adjustments, supporting up to 600 lbs, which compares favorably to bulkier models that sacrifice style for function. However, its limited color options and absence of height adjustability mean it’s less versatile for custom setups. The sturdy steel construction provides reliable support, and easy assembly makes it accessible for most users. Compared to models like the Linenspa, this base offers a more integrated look, but at the cost of fewer features. This pick makes the most sense for modern bedrooms where style and durability are priorities.Pros:- Sleek, minimalist all-in-one design for modern aesthetics
- Quiet, reliable motor for smooth head and foot adjustment
- Heavy-duty steel frame supports up to 600 lbs
- Easy to assemble with clear instructions
Cons:- Limited color options (only grey listed)
- Motor may be noisy for some users
- No mention of adjustable height or additional features
Best for: Design-conscious sleepers who want a durable, minimalist adjustable base with a sleek look.
Not ideal for: People seeking multiple height adjustments or a wider color palette, as its options are limited.
- Weight Capacity:600 lbs
- Head & Foot Lift Range:Up to 60° head / 35° leg
- Warranty:5-year motor, 10-year frame
- Material:Steel, Upholstered fabric
- Color:Grey
Our verdict“Best suited for those wanting a stylish, durable adjustable base with a simple, all-in-one design.”
Linenspa Adjustable Bed Base – Motorized Head and Foot Incline – Full
This model offers independent head and foot incline, making it ideal for those who want personalized positioning, especially compared to the Softa, which lacks independent adjustments. Its quiet motor and straightforward wired remote provide reliable control, and it supports mattresses up to 14 inches and 650 pounds, fitting well into existing bed frames. The need for two people during setup and the wired remote may be inconvenient for some, and its limited mattress thickness support might restrict thicker mattress choices. Its compatibility with two Twin XL bases for a king-sized bed adds flexibility, but the assembly process can be cumbersome. This base is best for those who prioritize adjustable angles over advanced features like USB ports or lighting.Pros:- Independent head and foot incline for customized comfort
- Quiet motor operation
- Easy assembly with all hardware included
- Compatible with existing bed frames
Cons:- Requires two people for assembly
- Limited to mattresses under 14 inches
- Wired remote may be less convenient than wireless
Best for: Individuals seeking a budget-friendly, customizable incline bed that integrates seamlessly with current frames.
Not ideal for: Users who prefer wireless remotes or need support for thicker mattresses, as these features are absent.
- Adjustable Range (Head):0 to 58 degrees
- Adjustable Range (Feet):0 to 40 degrees
- Weight Capacity:650 pounds
- Compatible Mattress Thickness:up to 14 inches
- Warranty:5 years
Our verdict“Ideal for budget-conscious users wanting independent adjustability and frame compatibility.”
Softa Queen Adjustable Bed Frame with Head & Foot Lift and Remote Control
The Softa offers synchronized head and foot adjustments up to 60° and 20°, respectively, making it suitable for general comfort needs, especially compared to the Lucid L300’s memory positions. Its sturdy steel frame provides solid support, and the remote control ensures quiet, smooth operation. However, the mattress is sold separately, and the frame’s weight could make moving it during setup a challenge. It supports various mattress types, making it flexible for different preferences. Unlike the Lucid, it lacks advanced features like USB ports or LED lighting. This bed makes sense for those who want straightforward adjustability at a lower price point without extra tech features.Pros:- Quiet and smooth motor operation
- Synchronized head and foot adjustment
- Sturdy support with a durable steel frame
- Easy to assemble
Cons:- Mattress sold separately
- May be heavy to move during setup
- Limited to basic adjustability without tech extras
Best for: Budget-conscious buyers wanting reliable head and foot lift with a straightforward setup.
Not ideal for: People seeking integrated tech features like USB charging or lighting, as they are absent.
- Head Lift Angle:up to 60°
- Foot Lift Angle:up to 20°
- Weight Capacity:600 lbs
- Material:Oxford fabric, steel frame
- Assembly:Easy, five-panel design
Our verdict“Perfect for users seeking reliable, straightforward head and foot lift support on a budget.”
Lucid L300 Adjustable Bed Frame – USB – Memory Position – Remote, Queen
The Lucid L300 excels in incorporating technology, with USB ports, a memory position button, and quiet operation, making it stand out from simpler models like the Softa. Its sturdy steel frame supports up to 750 lbs, and backup power options add reassurance. The remote control and flashlight enhance convenience, especially for late-night adjustments. However, it requires removal of slats or legs during installation, which could be cumbersome, and the battery backup isn’t included, adding extra cost. Compared with the Pipishell, the Lucid offers more tech features but lacks the LED lighting and multiple leg height options. This base is ideal for those wanting integrated charging and personalized positions in a tech-savvy setup.Pros:- Adjustable head and foot positions for personalized comfort
- Includes USB ports for device charging
- Supports up to 750 lbs with quiet operation
- Memory position feature for quick setup
Cons:- Battery backup batteries are not included
- Requires removal of slats or legs for installation
- Higher price point due to tech features
Best for: Tech-savvy sleepers who value USB charging, memory positions, and remote convenience.
Not ideal for: Users who prefer simple, manual adjustment bases or are concerned about installation complexity.
- Material:Polyester
- Supports:750 lbs
- Size:Queen
- Warranty:10 years
- Power:Whisper-quiet motor
Our verdict“Best suited for those seeking a tech-rich adjustable base with memory and charging capabilities.”
Pipishell Twin XL Adjustable Bed Frame with Head & Foot Incline, USB Ports, LED Lighting, and 4 Leg Height Options
This twin XL base offers extensive customization, including adjustable head and foot angles up to 65° and 45°, supported by multiple leg height options from 2 to 13 inches, which makes it highly versatile, especially compared to the Softa’s fixed height. Built-in USB ports and LED lighting add practical convenience, appealing to tech-savvy users. Its tool-free, three-step assembly simplifies setup, though its limited size restricts it to twin XL beds, and it might be pricier due to the feature set. The higher maximum angles also make it suitable for zero gravity or lounge positions, unlike more basic models. This base makes the most sense for users who want maximum adjustability and tech features in a small footprint.Pros:- Extensive head and foot incline angles for maximum comfort
- Multiple leg height options for tailored setup
- Built-in USB ports and LED lighting for added convenience
- Easy, tool-free assembly
Cons:- Limited to twin XL size, restricting use
- No mention of motor noise levels, potential concern for quiet operation
- Higher price due to numerous features
Best for: Individuals needing a highly adjustable, feature-rich twin XL base with multiple height options.
Not ideal for: Those with larger beds or seeking a simpler, more affordable base, as it’s designed for twin XL only and may be more expensive.
- Head & Foot Incline:up to 65° and 45°
- USB Ports:USB-A & USB-C on both sides
- LED Lighting:Under-bed night light
- Leg Height Options:2″, 3″, and 8″ sections
- Assembly:Tool-free, 3-step setup
Our verdict“Ideal for tech-oriented users seeking maximum adjustability and customization in a compact size.”
Best Choice Products Ergonomic Full Size Adjustable Bed Frame, Electric Base w/Wireless Remote Control, Nightlight, Massager, 2 USB Ports
This full-size adjustable base stands out for its comprehensive set of features, including multiple preset positions like TV and Zero Gravity, plus customizable options that surpass simpler models like the 4 Pcs Adjustable Height Bed Frame Support Legs. Its wireless remote controls massage modes, head and foot incline independently, and offers bedside USB charging, making it a strong choice for those seeking a fully customizable sleep experience. Compared with more basic frames, this model’s extra functions deliver more comfort and convenience, but its size and complexity may be overwhelming for users with limited space or minimal needs. The dual remotes for king sizes add convenience but could complicate setup. Overall, this base suits tech-savvy users who want fine control over their sleep positions and relaxation features, though those preferring a minimalist approach will find it too feature-rich.
Pros:- Multiple preset positions including TV and Zero Gravity for tailored comfort
- Wireless remote controls massage, incline, and lighting easily
- Compatible with various mattresses including memory foam and hybrids
- Separate head and foot inclines for personalized adjustment
Cons:- Relatively higher price point compared to basic adjustable bases
- Large size may be cumbersome in small rooms or tight spaces
- Complex remote functions could require time to learn
Best for: People who prioritize a wide range of adjustable positions, massage functions, and bedside tech integrations.
Not ideal for: Buyers seeking a simple, budget-friendly adjustable base or minimal setup, as this model’s features may be excessive and its size less suitable for small bedrooms.
- Size:Full
- Remote control:Wireless
- Massager:Yes
- USB ports:2
- Adjustable positions:Multiple presets + customizable
- Weight capacity:750 lbs
Our verdict“This pick makes the most sense for tech-savvy sleepers who want maximum customization and comfort features in a full-size frame.”
4 Pcs Adjustable Height Bed Frame Support Legs, 4-7 Inches, Black
This set of adjustable support legs offers a straightforward solution for leveling uneven floors or raising existing beds, making it ideal for DIY adjustments. Unlike motorized bases, these legs are simple mechanical supports that can update the height of your current bed frame easily, but they lack the motorized features and positional control of models like the Tami Tami T600 or Marsail Queen Bed Base. They are perfect for users who need to raise or stabilize beds without the expense or complexity of an electric frame, though installation might require tools and the adjustment could loosen over time. These legs are especially suited for those with existing beds that need a quick height fix or leveling, but not for anyone wanting motorized adjustability or integrated massage functions.
Pros:- Adjustable height range of 4.72 to 7.48 inches for versatile use
- Widened base with non-slip rubber pads for stability
- Simple to install with multiple mounting options
- Suitable for various bed types and uneven floors
Cons:- Requires tools for installation
- Rubber pads may wear or slide over time
- Adjustments could loosen with heavy use or frequent repositioning
Best for: Homeowners needing to level beds on uneven floors or add slight height adjustments easily and inexpensively.
Not ideal for: Sleepers seeking motorized or programmable adjustable beds, since these support legs do not alter positions or offer remote control.
- Number of Pieces:4
- Height Range:4.72 to 7.48 inches
- Material:Metal
- Color:Black
- Base:Widened with rubber pads
Our verdict“This product offers a practical, low-cost solution for leveling or raising beds, but it lacks motorized features for positioning comfort.”
Tami Tami T600 Adjustable Bed Frame Queen Size with Remote & Massage
The Tami T600 stands out with its combination of adjustable head and foot positions, preset Zero Gravity and Anti Snore modes, and built-in massage options—features that surpass basic manual frames. Its sturdy steel frame and quick assembly appeal to those who want a durable, easy-to-use solution, similar to the Marsail Queen Bed Base but with a focus on comfort presets. It’s compatible with a broad range of mattresses, yet it doesn’t include the legs, requiring additional purchase, and it’s not suitable for zero-clearance setups. While its noise level is minimal at less than 45 dB, its price and need for bed legs could deter budget-conscious buyers. This model is ideal for users who prioritize ready-to-use luxury features without complicated setup.
Pros:- Preset Zero Gravity and Anti Snore modes for enhanced relaxation
- Built-in massage modes and USB charging ports
- Steel frame with a 5-year warranty for durability
- Quick, tool-free assembly in about 5 minutes
Cons:- Does not include bed legs, requiring additional purchase
- Higher price compared to basic models
- Limited to under 14-inch mattresses for compatibility
Best for: Those seeking a premium, easy-to-assemble adjustable bed with preset comfort modes and massage functions.
Not ideal for: Budget shoppers or users with zero-clearance beds, as the frame requires legs and adds to the cost.
- Size:Queen
- Max Weight Capacity:850 pounds
- Assembly:5 minutes, no tools
- Adjustable Height:Yes
- Material:Steel with wooden base
- Compatible Mattresses:Under 14 inches
Our verdict“This model appeals to users who want a premium adjustable frame with preset comfort modes and easy setup, at a higher price point.”
Marsail Adjustable Bed Frame Queen Electric Adjustable Bed Base with Remote & Zero Gravity Position
The Marsail Queen Bed Base excels in its dual-motor design, allowing independent head and foot adjustments, which surpasses single-motor models like the Sweetcrispy Full Adjustable Bed Frame. Its quiet operation, supporting up to 750 lbs, and the inclusion of USB ports and night lighting make it a strong choice for larger households or those who want personalized control. The assembly may be more involved due to its complex components, but the durable build and smooth motor operation justify the investment. While more expensive than basic frames, this base’s independent adjustment and heavy-duty capacity cater well to users with larger beds or those who desire precise control over their sleep position.
Pros:- Independent head and foot adjustments for tailored comfort
- Supports up to 750 lbs with robust construction
- Quiet, smooth motor operation with 50,000 lift cycles
- Includes USB ports and night light for added convenience
Cons:- Higher price point than basic or single-motor bases
- Assembly can be more complex and time-consuming
- Features may be more than needed for casual users
Best for: Sleepers who need independent head and foot control, supporting heavier weight loads, and desire smooth, quiet operation.
Not ideal for: Budget-conscious buyers or those seeking simple, manual adjustment solutions, as this frame is more costly and complex to assemble.
- Size:Queen
- Weight Capacity:750 lbs
- Number of Motors:Dual
- Remote Control:Wireless
- USB Ports:Yes
- Night Light:Yes
Our verdict“This model suits users who want independent control, high weight capacity, and premium features, despite its higher cost and assembly effort.”
Sweetcrispy Full Adjustable Bed Frame with USB, Zero Gravity, Wireless Remote, Head and Foot Incline
The Sweetcrispy Full Adjustable Bed Frame offers a zero-gravity position that can significantly enhance relaxation, setting it apart from simpler frames like the 4 Pcs Adjustable Height Bed Frame Support Legs. Its wireless remote controls head and foot incline, USB ports, and easy assembly make it accessible for most users. While it doesn’t include a mattress, its compatibility with a variety of mattress types makes it flexible. The remote’s batteries are not included, which can be an inconvenience, and the frame’s maximum size is limited to twin XL, full, or queen beds, narrowing its use for larger setups. This frame is ideal for those seeking a stress-relieving position and straightforward operation, especially in smaller bedrooms or for side sleepers.
Pros:- Zero gravity position for enhanced relaxation
- Wireless remote control with incline adjustments
- USB ports for charging devices
- No tools needed for assembly
Cons:- Remote batteries are not included
- Limited to smaller bed sizes
- Mattress not included, so additional purchase needed
Best for: Individuals wanting an easy-to-assemble, zero-gravity sleep position with USB and remote control features.
Not ideal for: Users requiring larger bed sizes or seeking a fully integrated frame with built-in massage or advanced features, as this model focuses on simplicity and stress relief.
- Size:Twin XL, Full, Queen
- Weight Capacity:750 lbs
- Head & Foot Incline:Yes
- Remote Control:Wireless
- USB Ports:2
- Assembly:No tools required
Our verdict“This model is perfect for stress relief and simple operation, especially suited for smaller beds and relaxing positions.”

How We Picked
Products were evaluated based on their performance, build quality, ease of use, and feature set. We prioritized models that offer reliable motor operation and smooth adjustments, as these are crucial for comfort and durability. Usability factors like remote control responsiveness, setup simplicity, and maintenance were also key. To determine value, we compared features against price, aiming to highlight options that deliver the most benefit for their cost. Our ranking favors versatile bases suitable for various needs, from basic comfort to tech-rich amenities.| adjustable bases for bed | Material | Size |
|---|---|---|
| FLEXISPOT Adjustable Bed Base | Steel, Upholstered fabric | — |
| Linenspa Adjustable Bed Base | — | — |
| Softa Queen Adjustable Bed Fra | Oxford fabric, steel frame | — |
| Lucid L300 Adjustable Bed Fram | Polyester | Queen |
| Pipishell Twin XL Adjustable B | — | — |
| Best Choice Products Ergonomic | — | Full |
| 4 Pcs Adjustable Height Bed Fr | Metal | — |
| Tami Tami T600 Adjustable Bed | Steel with wooden base | Queen |
| Marsail Adjustable Bed Frame Q | — | Queen |
| Sweetcrispy Full Adjustable Be | — | Twin XL, Full, Queen |
Factors to Consider When Choosing Adjustable Bases For Beds
Choosing the right adjustable bed base involves more than just selecting the most features. It’s essential to consider durability, compatibility with your mattress, and the specific functions that will improve your sleep. Understanding these factors helps ensure you make a purchase that balances comfort, longevity, and budget.Motor Power and Adjustment Smoothness
Look for bases with strong motors that can handle your preferred positions without noise or jerks. Smooth adjustments contribute to a more restful experience, especially if you plan to use the bed frequently. Cheaper models may compromise on motor quality, leading to wear and tear over time.
Built-In Features and Tech Integration
Features like USB ports, under-bed lighting, massage functions, and memory presets add convenience but often come at a higher price. Consider which features truly improve your sleep quality and whether they justify the extra investment. Basic models might lack these extras but focus on core adjustability, making them more straightforward and reliable.
Compatibility and Mattress Type
Ensure the base is compatible with your mattress type—be it foam, innerspring, or hybrid—and that it can support your weight comfortably. Some models are better suited for lighter or heavier users, which can influence longevity and performance. Always verify dimensions and weight limits before purchasing.
Ease of Setup and Use
Simpler, tool-free assembly and intuitive controls make a significant difference for first-time users. Consider whether the remote control is user-friendly and if setup instructions are clear. Complex systems may require professional installation or lead to frustration over time.
Price and Long-Term Value
While higher-priced bases often include premium features and better durability, they are not always necessary for every user. Balance your budget with your needs—paying more for advanced features makes sense if you’ll use them regularly. Conversely, basic models can provide reliable adjustability at a lower cost for those on a tighter budget.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can I use any mattress with an adjustable bed base?
Most mattresses are compatible with adjustable bases, but some types, like traditional innerspring mattresses with low flexibility, may not perform well. Memory foam and hybrid mattresses tend to work best, as they are more flexible and can bend without damage. Always check the manufacturer’s recommendations to ensure compatibility and avoid voiding warranties.
How loud are adjustable bases during operation?
The noise level varies significantly across models. Higher-quality bases tend to operate quietly, often comparable to a soft hum, which is ideal for light sleepers. Cheaper options might produce noticeable noise, especially when adjusting positions, which could disturb others. If noise is a concern, look for models with noise reduction features or stronger motors designed for quiet operation.
Are massage features worth paying extra for?
Massage functions can enhance relaxation and help with circulation, but their effectiveness depends on the quality and placement of the motors. If you plan to use massage regularly, investing in a model with adjustable intensity and targeted zones makes sense. Otherwise, these features might be more of a luxury that you can forego to save money.
How important are remote controls and preset positions?
Remote controls and memory presets significantly improve convenience, especially if you like to switch between specific positions like zero gravity or reading mode. Wireless remotes with intuitive interfaces save time and frustration. However, some models have basic remotes that may not be as responsive or easy to use, which could diminish the overall experience.
What should I consider regarding warranty and after-sales service?
Adjustable bases are complex mechanical and electronic devices, so a solid warranty offers peace of mind. Look for models that include at least a 1-3 year warranty covering parts and labor. Good customer service and accessible support are equally important, as repairs or replacements may be needed over the lifespan of the base.
Conclusion
The best overall adjustable bed base for most users is the FLEXISPOT for its balance of features, durability, and ease of use. If value is your priority, consider budget-friendly options like the Linenspa, which offers essential functionality at a lower cost. For those seeking luxury and advanced tech, the Marsail or Tami T600 provide premium massage, lighting, and memory features. Beginners or first-time buyers should focus on models with straightforward setup, while those with specific needs—such as heavy use or high-tech preferences—should opt for higher-end, feature-rich bases.












